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Samayoa, R. 2004. |
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Samayoa_2004_Relacion_entre_conservacion_y_planificacion_lince_Donana.pdf |
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© A. Sabater / R. Samayoa |
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San José, C. 2002. (Con la colaboración de la Asociación del Corzo
Español). |
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Basic information on the Roe deer in Spain: Taxonomy, description, distribution, habitat, reproduction, feeding habits, abundance, social organization & behaviour, and other subjects. |
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San_Jose_2002_Capreolus_capreolus_en_Espana_Atlas_Mamiferos.pdf |
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Sánchez, I. and Vargas, A. 2005. Content: Worsened situation, two remaining populations, conservation strategies, prevent non-natural mortality, captive breeding programme, Jerez Zoo's role, important impetus. |
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| © Jerez Zoo |
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Sanchez, J. L., Molina, J.,
Samblas, F. J., and Virgos, E. 1998. |
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The current distribution of the iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) in the south of the Jaen province (southern Spain) has been described through reliable personal interviews, field work und literature for the last seven years. Results show that some lynx subpopulations remain in the southern mountains of the province, close to Granada (where the species still remains) as well as in the Guadiana Menor area. Although it was not possible to confirm breeding within the population, the current distribution of the species seems to be somewhat broader than the 1988 one. The measures needed for the conservation and improvement of the species situation in this area go through the banning of non-selective control methods and the restriction of rabbit control activities and extensive agricultural policies which remove the original vegetation. |
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Sanchez_et_al_1998_Datos_sobre_las_poblaciones_de_lince_iberico.pdf |
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Sanchez Garcia, I. 2002. |
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Sanchez_Garcia_2002_Captive_breeding_programme_Iberian_lynx.pdf |
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Sanchez Sanchez, C. 2002. |
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Sarmento, P., Cruz, J., Monterroso, P., Tarroso, P., Ferreira, C., and Negroes, N. 2005. |
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A team of biologists and field assistants conducted, between January 2002 and May 2003, a survey on the status of the Iberian lynx in Portugal. The survey was performed on previously identified lynx areas, during studies carried out in the 1970-s and 1990-s. Intensive search for lynx scats, for DNA analysis, and camera trapping provided a basis for identifying potential lynx areas. Over 4200 km were covered during a global searching effort of 1975 man-hours. This effort resulted in the collection of 168 potential scats that were submitted to genetic validation with no positive lynx amplifications. Camera trapping was applied in a total effort of 5647 camera days, in three lynx potential areas. No positive detections were achieved. At the same time, a study on wild rabbit distribution reveals that most historical nuclei do not support lynx viable populations. Although we can not confirm extinction, the scenario is highly pessimistic. The Iberian lynx is presently in the verge of extinction. Intensive rabbit regression and massive habitat destruction are identified as the main causes of decline in recent decades. In the Portuguese lynx historical range, we could only identify significant areas suitable for lynx in the South-eastern part of the country, particularly in the Andalusian border, where we lack on recent evidence of lynx presence. Being aware of the considerable difficulties pointed above, the ICN developed a Conservation Action Plan for the Iberian lynx in order to provide a consistent and effective approach to conserve the species in Portuguese territory. This proposal describes guidance that retains future options, provides management consistent, offers necessary flexibility, in order to achieve the maximum goal of conserving the lynx in Portugal. Conservation measures have the goal of provide guiding lines for conservations agents in order to conduct actions that can positively affect lynx and/or to help avoid negative impacts through thoughtful planning of activities. The proposal of Action Plan will be applied in all the areas located in the lynx historical distribution geographic area, that present suitable characteristics for the species presence or landscape features that can be optimize for lynx survival and that can be relevant for the species life-cycle, independently of their protection status. The goal of this plan is to apply pre-release strategic reintroduction activities to make possible, in a long-term, the reintroduction of Iberian lynx, in order to assure the viability of the species, as a fundamental element of Mediterranean ecosystems. For achieving this goal it will be necessary to establish a suitable connection between ex-situ and in-situ actions. |
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Sarmento_et_al_2005_Iberian_lynx_conservation_in_Portugal.pdf |
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Sarmento, P. 2002. |
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Sarmento_2002_Proposal_Action_Plan_Iberian_lynx_Portugal.pdf |
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Sarmento, P. 2002. |
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Simon Mata, M. A. 2002. Programme for the
conservation of the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) in Andalusia.
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Simon Mata, M. A. 2005. |
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In 2002, the I International Seminar on the Iberian lynx took place in Andújar, where, for the first time, became public what we had already noticed: there are less than 200 lynx left, distributed in two separated nuclei - Doñana with 35-40 individuals, and Andujar-Cardeña with 90-120. These are estimates which are however probably very close to the reality. Recently, in December 2004, the II International Seminar took place in Córdoba during which thanks to the participation of national and international experts 21 conclusions and recommendations came out on public and private actions that should be carried out gradually and permanently in the immediate future. |
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Simon_Mata_2005_La_conservacion_del_lince_iberico_en_Andalucia.pdf |
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Smith, L. E. 2003. |
| European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) densities, burrow distributions and burrow frequencies were studied in southern Portugal in two types of habitat classes: open and covered habitats. The linear correlation found between rabbit densities and burrow frequencies in open areas suggests that burrows enable rabbits to utilise refugia-free environments such as open grasslands. In addition, by analysing warren sizes it was discovered that group living is only common in exposed areas. The overall conclusions of this study contradict the general view of the European rabbit as being a social species, indicating that group living in the rabbit is the outcome of nest aggregation, which in turn is the result of predation pressure inhibiting colonisation of new locations. These findings have implications for future rabbit management in that targeting large warrens will only be effective at controlling rabbit numbers in open grasslands, a habitat where rabbits extensively utilise burrows and tend to live in aggregated colonies. |
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Smith_2003_Warren_use_by_rabbit_in_open_and_covered_habitats.pdf |
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Soriguer, R. C. 1980. |
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In this paper the effect of age and sex of rabbits on the infestation cycles of the two morphotypes of ectoparasites (fleas and ticks) is studied. The monthly evolution of the infestation cycles of both morphotypes is also analyzed. The results suggest that there exists a difference of infestation in relation to the age of rabbits, adult and subadult rabbits having a greater level of infestation than juveniles. Regarding the sex it was found that there was no evidence of an infestation differential between male and female for both morphotypes. The monthly evolution of the tick and flea cycles is opposite, suggesting a interspecific competition. Finally, we discuss the effect of climatic factors (rainfall and temperature) and reproductive parameters of rabbits (number of pregnant females per month and average testicular volume) as factors contributing to the control and/or regulation of parasite populations. |
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Soriguer, R. C. 1980. |
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During the years 1976 and 1977, a rabbit population (Oryctolagus cuniculus) was studied in its typical mediterranean habitat. The study area was located in the most western part of the Sierra Morena, in the north of the Huelva province. |
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Soriguer, R. C. 1981. |
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Sex ratio (RS) and age structure of a Mediterranean wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) population have been studied in a northwestern Andalusian (S.Spain) locality from January 1976 to December 1977. Rabbits were caught alive using a ferret and nets, and their sex and body weight determined. It was observed that RS was significantly biased in favour of females (average RS=0.63). RS was greatest among the adult age classes. The analysis fo the monthly evolution of RS showed that the highest values of the RS coincide with the main reproductive season of the rabbit population, suggesting that the peculiar behaviour of the male rabbit (spending more time outside the warren defending its territory) may be the cause of the high RS values. In addition, the high predation pressure faced by rabbits in the Iberian Mediterranean habitat may similarly be related to high RS figures. Age structure shows a distinct seasonal pattern and it is related to temporal variations in reproductive activity of the population. Two simple models of age structure are proposed for better understanding the population dynamics of the rabbit, and the advantages and disadvantages of each of them are stressed. |
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Soriguer, R. C. 1981. |
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Monograph on the biology and dynamics of a rabbit population (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in westerrn Andalusia. |
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Soriguer, R. C. 1983. |
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The grazing effect produced by red deer, fallow deer, wild boar, horses, cattle and rabbits on the herbaceous layer has been studied in the Doñana Biological Reserve, Southern Spain. To measure their effect three enclosures were made. The first enclosure (M) protected the pasture against every specie of herbivorous vertebrate. In the second one (A) only the rabbits had free acces. In the third one (E) every herbivorous species was free to graze there. The relative plant abundance of different species was measured both by the availability of the whole plants as consumed one. The food habits of rabbits were carried out by microscopical analysis of plant fragment found in the fecal pellets. For each enclosure the herbaceous layer biomass was also estimated. The study of rabbit's pellets and the availability and biomass of plants in the M, A and E enclosures showed that the rabbit prefered the forbs when other species of herbivorous were absent. However, when many other species of herbivorous were present the rabbit consumed more grasses. In 1977, the high overgrazing produced by the herbivorous in the Reserve determined that over 70% of herbaceous biomass available was consumed only during 5 month. This suggest that it could be the main factor to determine the change both in the difference of the plant consumed by rabbits (in the presence and absence of other species of herbivorous) and the seasonal displacement of these hervivorous towards the marshland area where better food availabilities could be found. |
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Soriguer_1983_Efecto_de_los_conejos_en_los_pastizales_de_la_Vera.pdf |
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Soriguer, R. C. 1983. |
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The ecological role of the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) as a plant consumer and a prey of vertebrate predators are analysed. The most significant elements of its life history are also described. The analysis starts with a general description of the environment where Iberian rabbits live, including bioclimatology, vegetation and fauna, the main specific traits of biology (moulting, parasitism and reproduction cycles), ecology (food habits and behaviour), population dynamics (natality and mortality) and productivity are discussed. The results are integrated into a general model of rabbit populations in Iberian mediterranean habitats. The analysis is followed by a comparative study of the iberian mediterranean population and other five distributed by different geographical areas. Several parameter biologically significant as litter size, age at first reproduction, frequency of pregnant females, habitat utilization response to differente predation regimes and the population parameter rm, rc and ro are studied. Finally these differences are integrated into the general ecological strategy of the rabbit population in the iberian mediterranean habitat. |
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Soriguer_1983_Papel_ecologico_y_estrategia_de_vida_del_conejo.pdf |
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Soriguer, R. C. 1988. |
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The food habits in the wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus L., 1758) have been studied by faecal pellets analysis. The plant species (or taxonomic groups) have been identified by comparisons with microphotographs collection of reference. The presence-absence data have been quantified as relative percentage of total numbers of microscopic fields observed. The rabbits preferencially consumed grasses (66.7%), and the genus Lolium (17.4%) and Vulpia (8.7%) were the main contributors. The second diet component were forbs, (basically Compositae) with 29.6%; the genus Leontodon (15.9%) and Anthemis (8.7%) were the main contributors in this group. Three selective enclosures were made for studing the qualitative effect of the different species (red deer, fallow deer, boar, cattle and horses) on the pastures. These enclosure allowed us to know that the rabbit preferencially eats forbs when other species of big herbivorous were present. In summary, the rabbit eats a high percentage of herbaceus plant species available. Inside the enclosures the rabbits select the forbs. Overgrazing by big herbivorous seem to be the main factor of the high percentage of grasses in the rabbit diet. |
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Soriguer, R. C. |
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The rabbit in the Iberian Mediterranean habitat: the value of its biology, ecology and behaviour for the managment of its populations. Contents: Description, reproductive parameters and cycles, mortality, final considerations. |
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Soriguer_El_conejo_en_los_habitat_mediterraneos_ibericos.pdf |
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Soriguer, R. C. & Palacios, F. 1994. |
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Information on characteristics, distribution, habitat, behaviour, ecology and diseases of Lepus granatensis, Lepus europaeus, Lepus castroviejoi, Oryctolagus cuniculus. |
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Soriguer_&_Palacios_1994_Los_lagomorfos_ibericos_liebres_y_conejos.pdf |
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Soriguer, R. C., Márquez, F. J., & Pérez, J. M.
1998. |
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Translocations (introductions and reintroductions) of game animals and its environmental effects. Contents: History, Concepts and basis of a translocation, Theoretical aspects of population dynamics; the previous extinction as basis for the reintroduction, Provisional list of causes leading to extinction or to lack of population viability, Objectives of introductions and reintroductions, Game animals and translocations (e.g. Ovis orientalis/O. musimon, Dama dama, Cervus elaphus, Capreolus capreolus, Capra pyrenaica, Ammotragus lervia, Alectoris rufa, Oryctolagus cuniculus), Summary of impacts of translocations. |
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Soriguer_et_al_1998_Translocaciones_de_especies_cinegeticas.pdf |
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Suárez, L., Estévez, R., & Schouten, M. 2003. |
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The Spanish Government has included in the National Hydrological Plan (SNHP) hydraulic works with negative impacts on the lynx population. WWF/Adena considers that these impacts are unnecessary, because sustainable alternatives with less environmental impacts exist to solve the water management problems of Spain. |
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Suarez_et_al_2003_Iberian_lynx_threatened_by_Spanish_water_plan.pdf |
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Surridge, A. K., Bell, D. J.,
Ibrahim, K. M., and Hewitt, G. M. 1999. |
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The European wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is an introduced species in Britain, and populations have been profoundly influenced by both man and disease. In stable environmental conditions, distinct social behaviour is observed, and this social structure leads to significant genetic structuring at the intrapopulaton level. In this study, European wild rabbits were sampled from 17 sites across the East Anglian region of Britain and genotyped with nine microsatellite loci. Genotypical proportions deviated significantly from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, reflecting a degree of population subdivision and non-random mating. Several estimates of measures of population genetic structure revealed that populations are genetically distinct and have small effective population sizes. These distinctive properties are seen to be the combined effects of the social structure and random drift acting on bottlenecked populations after myxomatosis. It is concluded that the genetic structure seen in rabbit populations today is unlikely to reflect historical structuring present before myxomatosis, but that it results from recent events. |
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Surridge_et_al_1999_Population_structure_and_genetic_variation_in_wild_rabbits_England.pdf |