|
|
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Baenninger R, Estes RD,
Baldwin S. 1977. Anti-predator behaviour of baboons and impalas toward a
cheetah.
East Africa Wildlife Journal 15, 327-329.
|
|
Researchers observed an
encounter involving baboons, impalas and a cheetah. It appeared that the baboon
troop was actively defended by the adult males and the impalas protected
themselves from the cheetah by keeping close to the baboons.
|
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Baenninger_et_al_1977_Anti-predator_behaviour_of_baboons_and_impalas_toward_a_cheetah.pdf
|
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Balme G. 2005. Counting cats. Africa
Geographic, 36-43.
|
|
For the most part, it is
impossible to conduct direct counts of large cats like lions, leopards and
cheetahs. For counting them scientists apply a variety of indirect methods
which combine ancient skills like tracking or the reconstruction of activity
from the spoor of animals with the most current technology and scientific
theory. The use of tracks has been refined in a method known as the
scent-station survey which eliminates some of the variation in track counts by
attracting cats to a series of counting stations. Further methods are faecal
analysis and telemetry, but the most accurate estimations of numbers are
obtained by camera-trapping. With the relentless pressure of habitat
destruction and persecutions, it is critical that researchers have at their
disposal reliable, repeatable and cost-efficient methods for estimating felid
abundance. |
|
Balme_2005_Counting_cats.pdf
|
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Bannikov AG. 1978. "Felidae". Red data book of USSR. Moscow: Liesnaja Promyshliennost Publ.; p 15-26.
|
|
Status and distribution
information (incl. maps) on the cat species living in the former Sowjet Union. In
Russian. |
|
Bannikov_1978_Felidae_in_the_Red_Data_Book_of_USSR.pdf
|
|
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Barnett R, Barnes I, Phillips
MJ, Martin LD, Harington CR, Leonard JA, Cooper A. 2005. Evolution of the
extinct Sabretooths and the American cheetah-like cat. Current Biology
15, 1-9.
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|
The sabretooths (Smilodon and Homotherium)
and the American cheetah-like cat (Miracinonyx) were the top predators
in Late Pleistocene America, but became extinct about 13 thousand years ago. As
the evolutionary history of these taxa remains poorly understood, we analysed
their phylogenetic relationship to extant felids.
|
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Barnett_et_al_2005_Evolution_of_the_extinct_sabretooths_and_the_American_cheetah-like_cat.pdf
|
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Barr MC, Calle PP, Roelke ME,
Scott FW. 1989. Feline immunodeficiency virus infection in nondomestic felids.
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 20, 265-272.
|
|
Feline immunodeficiency virus
(FIV) infection has been detected by serologic methods in several species of
nondomestic felids, both in captive and free-ranging populations. Antibody to
FIV was detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test;
positive tests were confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and
immunoblot procedures. Infected animals included two snow leopards (Panthera
uncia), one lion (P. leo), and one jaguar (P. onca) from the
Cheyenne Mountain Zoo, and one white tiger (P. tigris) and one lion from
a separate facility. Six free-ranging Florida panthers (Felis concolor coryi)
and one bobcat (F. rufus floridanus) from the Everglades National Park,
Big Cypress National Preserve and nearby areas in southern Florida were also
found to be infected. A tentative correlation between FIV seropositivity and
clinical disease could be made in some of these animals; the presence of FIV
infection thus may complicate the already difficult management of several
endangered cat species. |
|
Barr_et_al_1989_FIV_infection_in_nondomestic_felids.pdf
|
|
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Bartels P, Berry HH, Cilliers
D, Dickman A, Durant SM, Grisham J, Marker L, Munson L, Mulama M, Schoeman B,
Tubbesing U, Venter L, Wildt DE, Ellis S, Freidmann Y, editors. 2002. Global
Cheetah Conservation Action Plan - Final Report from the Workshop. Global
Cheetah Conservation Action Plan - Workshop held at Shumba Valley Lodge in
South Africa from the 27th to the 30th of August 2001; Apple Valley, MN: IUCN /
SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group
|
|
Six topic-based working group
were formed: (1) Census, (2) Health, (3) Management of Cheetah Outside of
Protected Areas, (4) Coordinating and Collecting In Situ and Ex Situ Information, (5) Education and Communication
and (6) Viability of the Ex Situ Population. Among principal
recommendations for action there was: (1) identify key players in census
methodology and their communication, develop systematic studies to compare the
various techniques and training for photographic recognition; (2) conduct wild
and captivity population disease surveillance using standardized methods and
developing a Cheetah Biological Resource Database available on a website; (3)
compile a database with conflict resolution information, scientific data,
anecdotal, tribal and agricultural information, manage a metapopulation
strategy for cheetah and develop educational material; (4) develop a database
of people working on in situ and/or ex situ cheetah activities,
to increase the cooperation and the networking, and to develop a global program
to manage captive cheetah; (5) utilize existing NGO networks to distribute
resources in education programmes and identify in-country organizations already
working on ecoeducation, improve communication among all stakeholders and
develop a "Cheeth Interest Group" to take responsibility for ensuring
that communications; (6) ensure that if/when genetic material/animals are
imported into a region and analyze carefully the International Studbook. |
|
Bartels_et_al_2002_Global_cheetah_action_plan_2001.pdf
|
|
|
|
Bartels P, Bouwer V, Crosier
A, Cilliers D, Durant SM, Grisham J, Marker L, Wildt DE, Friedmann Y, editors.
2002. Global Cheetah Action Plan Review final workshop report. IUCN/SSC CBSG.
|
|
In July 2002, the Cheetah
Action Plan Review workshop was again organized by CBSG South Africa to review
the 2001 Action Plan and to formalize and further develop the Cheetah Interest
Group. This workshop was attended by 46 people from 12 countries and sponsored
by the North American Cheetah SSP and its member institutions. Six working
groups convened over a three day period to discuss and review the Global
Cheetah Action Plan. Five of these working groups dealt with the same issues
covered in the 2001 workshop, and a new working group was convened to discuss
the situation facing the Iranian and North African cheetah populations. Once
again, the workshop format comprised a series of intensive working group
sessions and open floor plenary session where all workshop participants could
evaluate, debate and confer on the resolutions and recommendations put forward
by the groups. Groups were tasked with updating the current situation,
reviewing project status, updating the stakeholders needs, revaluating
available resources and potential obstacles and redesigning projects and
actions where necessary. |
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Bartels_et_al_2002_Global_cheetah_action_plan_2002.pdf
|
|
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Bartmann W. 1981. Das Geparden Problem in Namibia -
The cheetah problem in Namibia.
Zoologischer Garten 51, 52-64
(in
German).
|
|
Namibia/S.W.Africa contains,
by comparison with other countries of Africa south to the Sahara, still
exceptional numbers of cheetah. The population is evidently increasing in the
ranching areas as a result of various factors improving the life conditions of
the cat.The cheetah is protected by law in Namibia, but individuals may be
killed or trapped by the farmers, if the loss of livestock can be attributed to
them. During the past 15 years a new trend toward live-capture had come into
force, proved to be financial profit for the farmer over this livestock loss.
Live-caught cheetahs could be sold to the two animal exporters in Namibia for a
price much higher than the equivalent for the skins. Many farmers consider this
by no doubt as the only reason to bring the cheetah's existence not to an end
on the ranchlands. The Department of Nature Conservation in Namibia allows an
export quota of 130 live spotted cats annually, filled almost entirely with
farm-caught cheetahs. Since the Washington Convention on Trade in Endangered
Species of Wild Fauna and Flora has come into full effect, many cheetahs are
killed again wherever they were to be found on ranchland, in default of a
market outlet. A better cheetah protection must involve the farmers legitimate
interest as well as stimulate and supervise their cooperation in conservation
and management of this cat on ranchland areas. |
|
Bartmann_1981_The_Cheetah_Problem_in_Namibia.pdf;
engl. translation: Bartmann_-_The_Cheetah_Problem_in_Namibia.pdf
|
|
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Bartos C. 2000. Use of mirrors
to stimulate cheetah breeding interest at the Baltimore zoo. Cheetah News
10, 6.
|
|
The use of mirrors and
audiotaped vocalisations simulating the presence of a male competitor in a
couple of cheetahs, stimulated their interests in breeding. |
|
Bartos_2000_Mirrors_to_stimulate_cheetah_breeding_interest.pdf
|
|
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Bashir S. 2004. Spotting cheetahs on the
Serengeti Plains. Lifewatch Summer 2004, 23-25.
|
|
The Serengeti plains happen to
be the study area of the Serengeti Cheetah Project (SCP), the world's
longest-running field project for wild cheetahs. Since 1991, the project has
been run by Sarah Durant of ZSL. Much of what we know about wild cheetah
ecology and behaviour comes from work done on the Serengeti over the past 30
years. During this period the SCP has built up a database on the study
population based on individual recognition, which is possible because, just
like fingerprints in humans, every cheetah has a unique pattern of spots. Over
the last 12 years the plains' study population has fluctuated between less than
50 to 90 adults, of which two-thirds are generally female and the rest male. We
estimate that altogether there are only 250 adults in the entire Serengeti
National Park, which covers approximately 14,000km2. |
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Bashir_2004_Spotting_cheetahs_on_the_Serengeti_Plains.pdf
|
|
|
|
Bashir S, Daly B, Durant SM,
Förster H, Grisham J, Marker L, Wilson K, Friedmann Y, editors. 2004. Global
Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) Monitoring Workshop. IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding
Specialist Group
|
|
To address the need for cohesive global action to conserve cheetah,
two Global Cheetah Conservation Action Planning workshops were held in South
Africa in 2000 and 2001, resulting in the development of a global master plan
for conserving cheetah. Cheetah conservationists from 14 countries contributed
to the development of the Global Cheetah Action Plan at both workshops
The Action Plan stresses the need for accurate census and monitoring
data as cheetah conservation efforts are being hindered by a lack of reliable
data on numbers, distribution and population trends. In June
2004, an international Cheetah Monitoring Workshop was therefore held at Ndutu
Safari Lodge in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area in Tanzania, to address these
issues. The workshop was organized by the Endangered Wildlife Trust, CBSG
Southern Africa, the Serengeti Cheetah Project of the Zoological Society of
London and the Tanzania Carnivore Project of the Tanzania Wildlife Research
Institute (TAWIRI). |
|
Bashir_et_al_2004_Cheetah_monitoring_methods.pdf
|
|
|
|
Bashir S, Durant SM, Friedmann
Y. 2005. Cheetah census technique development workshop. Cat News 42, 23.
|
|
The three-day workshop brought
together a range of stakeholders including conservation managers and scientists
with experience in developing and using monitoring techniques for cheetah and
other big cats. Altogether, 32 people from nine countries attended the
workshop. Workshop participants assessed the suitability of each potential
monitoring technique against criteria such as cost, accuracy, human capacity
and effectiveness. |
|
Bashir_et_al_2005_Cheetah_census_technique_workshop.pdf
|
|
|
|
Baumgartner, K. and Gauckler, A. 1998. Haemobartonellosis
(Feline infectious anemia) in a cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) group. European
Association of Zoo - and Wildlife Veterinarians, Second scientific meeting, May
21-24, 1998. Chester, United
Kingdom, European Association of Zoo - and Wildlife Veterinarians. |
|
In 1997 in the Nürnberg
Zoo all female cheetahs fell ill with Haemobartonella
felis after the contact with two male cheetahs coming
from another European facility. One animal died, the
other two females could be saved, after diagnosis of
Haemobartonella felis on stained blood film,
by prolonged treatment with Doxycycline.
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Baumgartner_&_Gauckler_1998_Haemobartonellosis_in_a_cheetah_group.pdf
|
|
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|
Bechert U, Mortenson J, Dierenfeld ES, Cheeke P,
Keller M, Holick M, Chen TC, Rogers Q. 2002. Diet
composition and blood values of captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) fed
either supplemented meat or commercial food preparations. Journal of Zoo and
Wildlife Medicine 33, 16-28.
|
|
Nutrition most certainly
affects health and may play a role in the etiology of growth and reproductive
problems in captive cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) populations. The
objective of our research was to examine nutritional differences between two
dietary regimens and quantify their physiologic effects on cheetahs held in
captivity. Twelve cheetahs were randomly assigned to either a commercial diet
(COM) or a supplemented meat diet (SMD) group. These cats were physically
examined and had blood samples taken three times over the course of a year.
Representative samples of COM and four separate components of the SMD treatment
were analyzed over the same time frame for proximate nutrient composition,
digestibility, and concentrations of taurine, fat-soluble vitamins, and
selected minerals. |
|
Bechert_et_al_2002_Diet_comparisons_for_captive_cheetahs.pdf
|
|
|
|
Beckhelling A. 2005. Educating
the African Nations. Animal Keeper's Forum 7/8, 354-357.
|
|
Farmers, friend or foe, have
the most direct impact on current cheetah survival rates outside of protected
areas. Each project contributing to this article actively engages farming
communities and shares information aimed at reducing farmer-predator conflict.
Programs include education about livestock and wildlife management techniques,
the importance of bio-diversity and a predator's place in a healthy ecosystem,
as well as relocating problem animals. These facilities also commented that
farming communities express a recognition of predator conservation, but are
reluctant to endure stock loss. Sharing innovative management techniques such
as the Cheetah Conservation Fund's (CCF) Anatolian Shepherd livestock guard dog
program has a positive impact on farming communities and improves the cheetah's
chances. |
|
Beckhelling_2005_Educating_the_African_nations.pdf
|
|
|
|
Belbachir F. 2006. Human
attitudes and conservation of Sahelo-Saharan antelopes
and cheetah: Algeria in context.
In Woodfine
T. (ed). Proceedings
of the Seventh Annual SSIG Meeting 2006, Douz, Tunisia.
Sahara Conservation Fund. pp. 28-42.
|
|
In
North Africa, cheetah populations are endangered (IUCN
in Nowell & Jackson 1996) and their survival in
the near future has not been secured yet (cf. abovementioned
threatening factors). This alarming situation is compelling
for urgent concerted actions to be designed and implemented
by governments of range countries and all stakeholders.
Algeria, in particular, is expected to play a leading
role within the international efforts for saving the
last North African cheetahs for that it is still supporting
an internationally important freeranging population,
chiefly roaming within two large national parks, the
Ahaggar and Tassili NPs, both located in the Central
Sahara. Additionally, the privileged geographical locations
of the Ahaggar shield and Tassili plateaus have been
suggested to be of primeval importance for potential
recolonisation of cheetah in adjacent countries. However,
the success or failure of any conservation project with
regard to antilope restoration and cheetah conservation
in the Sahelo-Saharan region will definitely depend
on the degree of human awareness and attitudes, at different
levels (local, organizational, national), towards the
initiative in question. The purpose of the present paper
is to briefly summarize and discuss different human
attitudes which may affect the development of any project
aiming to restore and conserve extirpated antelopes
and cheetah, respectively, in Algeria.
|
|
Belbachir_2006_Human_attitudes_towards_antelopes_and_cheetahs_in_Algeria.pdf
|
|
|
|
Bell K. 2005. Morbidity and
Mortality in hand reared cheetah cubs. Animal Keeper's Forum 7/8, 306-314.
|
|
This paper does not purport to
serve as a husbandry protocol (of which there are numerous), but instead
examines the major problems reported during the hand rearing of cheetah cubs.
Review is made of the reported causes of morbidity and mortality among cheetah
cubs, including congenital defects, nutritional deficiencies, gastrointestinal
disturbances, immunological dysfunction, hypothermia and infectious pathogens.
In association with recommended prophylactic schedules (i.e. vaccination and
parasite control), appropriate sanitation, nutrition, careful monitoring of cub
health and growth rate is likely to significantly improve cub survivorship. |
|
Bell_2005_Mortality_in_hand_reared_cheetah_cubs.pdf
|
|
|
|
Benzon TA, Smith RF. 1974.
Male dominance hierarchies and their possible effects upon breeding in cheetahs
(Acinonyx jubatus). International Zoo Yearbook 14,
174-178.
|
|
Although little is known about
the wild cheetah, two behavioural patterns clearly distinguish it from the
captive animal: (1) during much of the life, the female is isolated from other
adult animals, and (2) the males move in groups. In zoos, however, the sexes are
generally housed together or within visual and olfactory contact, and they have
a very poor reproductive success under these conditions. It seems that female
isolation followed by exposures to males engaged in aggressive interactions is
necessary to elicit successful reproductive behaviour in captive cheetahs. In
an experiment in Hogle Zoo in Salt Lake city, seven cheetahs were used to test
this hypothesis. |
|
Benzon_&_Smith_1974_Effect_of_male_dominancy_on_breeding_in_cheetahs.pdf
|
|
|
|
Benzon TA, Smith RF.1975. A
case of programmed cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) breeding.
International
Zoo Yearbook 15, 154-156.
|
|
Until recently, breeding in
captive cheetahs has occurred more by accident than through planned parenthood.
However, a cheetah was born at Hogle Zoo as the result of behavioural analysis,
careful planning and cooperation from the animals concerned. This report
describes our role in eliciting the reproductive behaviour which led to the
birth. |
|
Benzon_&_Smith_1975_A_case_pf_programmed_cheetah_breeding.pdf
|
|
|
|
Benzon TA, Smith RF. 1977. A
technique for propagating cheetahs. The World's Cats 3, 81-97.
|
|
This work suggests a breeding
technique for propagating cheetahs in captive conditions: (1) isolate the
females; (2) discern the male hierarchy; (3) when the female demonstrates she
has entered pre-oestrus, place her into the male group; (4) when the courtship
behaviour has reached it's peak, isolate the female and dominant male from the
other cats; and (5) after mating occurred, isolate the female in order to
reduce social stress during pregnancy. |
|
Benzon_&_Smith_1977_Technique_for_propagating_cheetahs.pdf
|
|
|
|
Bernezat JL. 2004. Le guépard au Sahara central. Saharien: 5pp.
|
|
Bernezat describes cheetah's observations and their
signs of occurrence made during field trips in theCentral Sahara between the
early 1970's and 2003. However, because cheetahs are usually mistaken for leopards, some of the
cheetah reports made by local inhabitants should be considered with caution.
|
|
Bernezat_2004_The_cheetah_in_the_central_Sahara.pdf
|
|
|
|
Berry PSM. The cheetah
in the Luangwa Valley. Black Lechwe, pp. 7-10
|
|
Currently, the only area
in Zambia where cheetah occur in reasonable numbers
is the Kafue National Park. A few may also exist in
the Western Province, notably the Liuwa Plain National
Park. The only other area likely to contain cheeah is
the Luangwa Valley in eastern Zambia. The paper details
cheetah sightings that have been reported from the Valley.
|
|
Berry_Cheetah_in_Luangwa_Valley.pdf
|
|
|
|
Berry, H. H., Bush, M. E.,
Davidson, B., Forge, O., Fox, B., Grisham, J., Munson, L., Nowell, K.,
Marker-Kraus, L., Martenson, J. S., Hurlbut, S., Howe, M., Schumann, M.,
Shille, T., Stander, F., Venzke, K., Wagner, T., Wildt, D. E., Ellis, S., and
Seal, U. S. Editors. 1997. Population & Habitat
Viability Assessment for the Namibian Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) and Lion
(Panthera leo)
Workshop Report, 11-16 February 1996 Otjiwarongo, Namibia. Cheetah Conservation Fund,
Namibian Ministry of Environment and Tourism, IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group,
IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, and others.
|
|
Six working groups were formed
to assess the population and habitat viability for the Namibian cheetah and
lion: Wild Management Goals and Strategies, Human/Livestock Interaction and
Communication, Life History/VORTEX modeling, Disease, Genetics, and Captive
Populations. Priority discussed points for the cheetah were the population
decline, the stock loss for the farmers, the robust growth potential in natural
conditions, the threat coming from anthrax, feline coronavirus (CDV, FIV) and
rabies, the lack of understanding of management consequences of having small
founder populations, and the developing and expanding of a Genome Resource Bank
to preserve the species with all available genetics. |
|
Berry_et_al_1997_Namibian_Cheetah_and_Lion_PHVA_-_Cover_and_Contents.pdf
Berry_et_al_1997_Namibian_Cheetah_and_Lion_PHVA_-_Introduction_and_overview.pdf
Berry_et_al_1997_Namibian_Cheetah_and_Lion_PHVA_-_Executive_summary.pdf
Berry_et_al_1997_Namibian_Cheetah_and_Lion_PHVA_-_Cheetah.pdf
Berry_et_al_1997_Namibian_Cheetah_and_Lion_PHVA_-_Appendices.pdf
Berry_et_al_1997_Namibian_Cheetah_and_Lion_PHVA_-_References.pdf
|
|
Bertram B. 1984. Felids
in East Africa. Proceedings of the Cat Specialist
Group meeting in Kanha National Park, India, April 1984.
p. 14.
|
|
Cheetahs
have been studied by McLaughlin in Nairobi, by Frame
and Caro in Serengeti, and by Burney in Masai Mara.
Although their total numbers in East Africa are believed
to be fewer than 3,000 and declining, with rather poor
prospects, the density recently found in bush country
in northern Kenya gives hopes of a higher population
than was otherwise thought.
|
|
Bertram_1984_Felids_in_East_Africa.pdf
|
|
|
|
Bertschinger H, Meltzer DG,
van Dijk A, Coubrough RI, Solely JT, Collett FA. Cheetah lifeline.
|
|
A report on the breeding
program and some information of the research that has lead to a better
understanding of the reproductive physiology of cheetahs. Different chapter
about releasing captive-bred cheetahs in the wild and their survival success;
first improvements to breeding management in separating males and females;
reproductive data of the female oestrus cycle and hormone patterns and the
males fertility and influence of testosterone; king cheetah has to be found out
not to be a separate species but merely a colour variation. |
|
Bertschinger_et_al_-_Cheetah_lifeline.pdf
|
|
|
|
Berzins
R., Claro F., Akpona A.H. and Alfa Gambari Imorou
S. 2007.
Conservation
du guépard et développement durable dans les aires protégées
du nord Bénin. Mission d'enquête auprès des villageois
et des agents d'aires protégées (16/12/2005-26/02/2006).
Conservation of cheetahs in northern Benin. Zoological
Society Paris, 57 pp.
|
|
The
status of the cheetah in northern Benin was evaluated
by interviewing local people and wardens of the Pendjari
Biosphere Reserve and the regional park W Benin. The
project was implemented by a French-Benin team. A total
of 64 people have been interviewed. Besides data on
cheetahs also observations on lions, leopards and hyenays
were collected.
|
|
Berzins_et_al_2007_Conservation_of_cheetahs_in_North_Benin.pdf
in French
|
|
|
|
Berzins
R. and Belbachir F. 2007.
Compte-rendu
de la 2ème réunion de l'Observatoire du Gépard en Régions
d'Afrique du Nord. 20-25 Novembre 2006, Tamanrasset
Alérie (Report
of the 2nd meeting of NARCAG in Tamanrasset, Algeria,
November '06). Zoological Society Paris, 36 pp.
|
|
The second meeting of
the North African Regions Cheetah Action Group was hold
in Tamanrasset, Algeria. In a first part, the situation
in Northern Africa was presented in a series of presentations.
In the second part, various aspects of cheetah conservation
was discussed in a round table discussion. The meeting
was followed by a three days trip to the Ahaggar National
Parc.
|
|
Berzins_&_Belbachir_2007_Report_of_OGRAN_meeting_in_Tamanrasset.pdf
|
|
|
|
Bianco F, Bracchi PG. 2001. Captive bred cheetah behaviour. Annali della Facoltà di
Medicina Veterinaria 21, 47-60.
|
|
Cheetahs are known as the most
difficult cat to breed in captivity. There are three theories as to the source
of the cheetah breeding problem: 1) cheetah population had gone through a
bottleneck period; 2) most of the male sperm are non functional; 3) low behaviour
quality in captivity, it seems that males need to be primed for the mating. The
aim of this project is to investigate the behaviour of mother and cubs and male
in captivity to evaluate the quality of the husbandry (enclosure, different
kind of play distance of the cubs from the mother, vocalisms, pattern of
behaviour, similarity to in-situ behaviour). On 1999 eight cubs were born at
Marwell zoo (England) after the husbandry of this species was re-established a
year earlier. The specimens studied were a female born 1992 and her eight cubs
and the male born 1990 . The female enclosure was divided in eight zones
considering the microhabitats available then the behavioural categories to
observe were picked up. The male 56 enclosure was split up exclusively on
geometrical basis. We used one stop intervals of three minutes for the female
and zero one for intervals of three minutes for the cubs, with ad libitum
observations from 8 a.m. till 7.30 p.m. reaching a total of 84 h. The male was
observed for 35 hours with focal sampling two times a day. The new management
adopted by Marwell zoo is an adaptation of the six step husbandry developed in
America that is most of the times impossible to realize in European zoos. This
new technique lead to the birth of a record offspring and increased the
behaviour of these animals using the same enclosure with minimal economical
impact. |
|
Bianco_&_Bracchi_2001_Captive_bred_cheetah_behaviour.pdf
|
|
|
|
Bigalke R. 1964. The speed of
the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus). African Wildlife 257-258.
|
|
Very different values of the
maximum speed of cheetah have been published. The highest value of 70 miles per
hour is challenged. More realistic values seem to be 35-45 miles per hour. |
|
Bigalke_1964_The_speed_of_the_cheetah.pdf
|
|
|
|
Bigourdan J, Prunier R. 1937. Distribution des
espèces mammalogiques dans l'Ouest Africain.
In Bigourdan J, Prunier R
(eds). Les mammifères sauvages de l'Ouest Africain et leur milieu. Montrouge:
Imprimerie Jean de Rudder; p 25-31. In French.
|
The chapter from the book
"Wild mammals of West Africa and their habitat" provides basic
information about the distribution of West African mammals. Cheetahs mainly
ranged in the Sahelo-Saharan area (north to 13° N).
Extrait du livre intitulé «Les mammifères sauvages de l'ouest africain
et leur milieu», ce chapitre donne des informations sur la répartition des
mammifères d'Afrique de l'Ouest. Les guépards sont principalement distribués
dans la région sahélo-saharienne (nord du 13° de latitude Nord). |
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Bigourdan_1937_The_cheetah_in_West_Africa.pdf
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Bigourdan J, Prunier R. 1937. Le guépard.
In
Bigourdan J, Prunier R (eds). Les mammifères sauvages de l'Ouest Africain et
leur milieu. Montrouge: Imprimerie Jean de Rudder; p 110-111. In French.
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Extracted from a book entitled
"Wild mammals of West Africa and their habitat", this chapter
provides basic information about cheetah morphology and distribution. Cheetahs
mainly ranged in the Sahelo-Saharian area (north to 13° N), but might be found
in the wooded Sudanese area south from this latitude. The author reports that
two cheetahs were killed in North Benin and South Burkina-Faso in 1935.
Extrait du livre intitulé "Les mammifères sauvages de l'ouest
africain et leur milieu», ce chapitre décrit le guépard et donne des
informations sur sa répartition. Les guépards se trouvent principalement dans
la région sahélo-saharienne (au nord du 13° de latitude nord), mais il pourrait
être trouvé dans les régions boisées soudaniennes au sud de cette latitude.
L'auteur rapporte que deux guépards ont été tués en 1935, respectivement au
nord du Bénin et au sud du Burkina-Faso. |
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Bigourdan_&_Prunier_1937_Distribution_of_West_African_Mammals_in_different_habitats.pdf
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Bissett C. 2005. The feeding
ecology, habitat selection and hunting behaviour of re-introduced cheetah on
Kwandwe Private Game Reserve, Eastern Cape Province. MSc Thesis, Rhodes
University, South Africa.
|
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The re-introduction of cheetah
onto small reserves in the Eastern Cape Province has created the opportunity to
study this species in an environment (Valley Bushveld) in which it has not
previously been studied and which is quite different from the less wooded
habitats in which previous studies have occurred. Thus the aim of this study is
to add to the growing number of studies of cheetah in more wooded habitats and
to contribute a better understanding of the level of specialization or
adaptability in space use, habitat selection, diet and hunting behaviour that
the cheetah possesses. The research was conducted on Kwandwe Private Game
Reserve from February 2003 to August 2004. |
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Bissett_2005_Cheetahs_in_Kwandwe_Game_Reserve.pdf
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Bissett C. and Bernard
RTF. 2006. Habitat selection and feeding ecology of
the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) in thicket vegetation:
is the cheetah a savanna specialist? J. Zool., Lond. 271,
310-317.
|
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Habitat selection and
feeding ecology of a reintroduced population of cheetahs
Acinonyx jubatus were studied in a 16 000 ha game reserve
in the Eastern Cape Province (South Africa). Seventy
per cent of the reserve is characterized by very dense
thicket vegetation (valley bushveld) and the remainder
is open and savannalike. The results illustrated a strong
effect of sex and group size on the behavior of cheetahs.
The coalition (three adult males) killed significantly
larger animals (55% of kills weighed more than 65 kg)
than single female cheetahs (less than 2% of kills weighed
more than 65 kg). Female cheetahs showed temporal and
spatial avoidance of lions by hunting at dawn and dusk
and positioning their home ranges [95% utilization distribution
(UDs)] significantly farther from the pride of lions
than did the coalition. The coalition hunted earlier
and later than female cheetahs, and 46% of their kills
were made in darkness. In addition, their home range
overlapped that of the lions and they showed neither
temporal nor spatial avoidance of the lions. The rates
of kleptoparasitism were lower and the kill retention
times were longer than those reported elsewhere in Africa,
and it is suggested that this is a consequence of the
cover provided by the thicket vegetation and prey size.
The home ranges (95% UDs) of female cheetahs incorporated
more thicket vegetation than that of the coalition,
indicating that the coalition is less susceptible to
predation than single females. These data suggest that
cheetahs possess greater behavioural flexibility than
previously reported, that they can hunt successfully
in thicket vegetation, sometimes in darkness, that they
are not restricted to killing small to medium-sized
prey, and that they may not be savanna specialists.
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Bissett_&_Bernard_2006_Habitat_selection_and_feeding_ecology_of_cheetah_in_thicket_vegetation.pdf
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Blancou L. 1954. Guépard et petits félins.
In Schmid
G, Kister R, (eds). Le grand livre de la faune Africaine et de sa chasse. I - La
faune. Monaco: Union Européenne d'editions; p. 130-132.
In French.
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The book chapter deals with the large fauna of
Africa and its hunting. The author describes the
cheetah, its distribution and eco-ethology. Blancou describes the range
constriction of cheetah in Africa, and reports its occurrence in South Africa,
Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Angola, Congo, Tanzania, Kenya,
Somalia, Eritrea, Chad, Cameroon, Northern and Southern Sahel, Sahara, French
and English Sudan.
Dans ce chapitre du livre traitant de la grande faune africaine et de sa
chasse, l'auteur décrit le guépard, sa distribution et son éco-éthologie.
Blancou détaille la diminution de l'aire de répartition du guépard en Afrique
et rapporte sa présence en Afrique du Sud, en Namibie, au Botswana, au
Zimbabwe, au Mozambique, en Angola, au Congo, en Tanzanie, au Kenya, en
Somalie, en Erythrée, au Tchad, au Cameroun, au nord et au sud du Sahel, au
Sahara et au Soudan français et anglais. |
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Blancou_1954_The_cheetah.pdf
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Blancou L. 1960. Destruction
and Protection of the fauna of French Equatorial and of French West Africa;
Part III: carnivores and some others. African Wildlife 14, 101-108.
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In French Equatorial and French West Africa, the
cheetah is a valuable species for its skin, exported in India for hunting or as
a pet. Although protected in French Equatorial Africa since 1944, the cheetah
is always poached. According the author, who estimated at 400 the cheetah
number, not many cheetahs are left either in the Sahelian or in the Sudanian
zones of French Equatorial or French West Africa.
En Afrique Equatoriale Française et en Afrique de l'Ouest Française, le
guépard est une espèce très prisée pour sa peau, exporté en Inde pour la chasse
ou encore comme animal de compagnie. Malgré sa protection en Afrique
équatoriale française depuis 1944, le guépard est toujours braconné. Selon
l'auteur, qui estime le nombre de guépard à 400 individus, il reste peu de
guépards que ce soit dans les zones sahéliennes que soudaniennes de l'Afrique
Française Equatoriale et de l'Ouest.
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Blancou_1960_Fauna_of_French_Equatorial_and_French_West_Africa.pdf
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Blyde D. 1990. Leg problems
in cheetah cubs. Personal communication.
|
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Recommendation how to treat
cheetah cubs with leg problems. Four cheetah cubs were born with
Osteochondrosis Dissecans (OCD). After dietary modification five of eight
affected legs returned to normal. OCD is probably hereditary in nature. |
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Blyde_1990_Leg_problems_in_cheetah_cubs.pdf
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Blyde D. 1991. Osteochondrosis
Dessecans in a litter of cheetah cubs. Thylaeinus 16, 8-11.
|
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Osteochondrosis dissecans is a
disease which has been reported quite commonly in domestic dogs. David Blyde,
Veterinarian at Western Plains Zoo, gives details of this condition which
occurred in a litter of cheetah cubs and its subsequent treatment. |
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Blyde_1991_Osteochondrosis_Dissecans_in_a_Litter_of_Cheetah_Cubs.pdf
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Boever WJ, Asa CS. 1990.
Telemetric monitoring of ovulatory cycles of cheetahs and orangutans by changes
in basal body temperature and activity level. Progress report.
|
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First phase of telemetry project
is completed. Four cheetah females were fitted with activity-monitoring collars
and implanted with body-temperature transmitters. Results of initial data
analysis revealed an absence of a clear circadian rhythm in either of the
telemetered parameters. Results of the activity monitoring transmitters also
are preliminary. Initial analysis revealed no clear circadian rhythm, although
a tendency to be diurnal is apparent. |
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Boever_&_Asa_1990_Telemetric_Monitoring_of_Ovulatory_cycles_of_Cheetahs_and_Orangutans.pdf
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Bolton M. 1973. Felids: Notes
on the current status and distribution of some large mammals in Ethiopia
(excluding Eritrea). Mammalia 37, 562-73;584-86.
|
Cheetah is scarce but still
apparently fairly well-distributed in Ethiopia. Within the last six years,
tracks or individuals have been observed in six localities. It is also
occasionally observed throughout the Awash valley and in the adjacent parts of
Afar and also south of the road between Harrar and Jigjiga.
Le guépard est rare mais apparemment encore bien
distribué en Ethiopie. Au cours des six dernières années, des empreintes ou des
individus ont été observés dans six localités. Il est également
occasionnellement observé d'un bout à l'autre de la vallée de Awash et dans les
zones adjacentes à l'Afar ainsi qu'au sud de la route entre Harrar et Jigjiga. |
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Bolton_1973_Stauts_of_Large_mammals_of_Ethiopia.pdf
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Bolton L. A., Munson L. 1999. Glumerulosclerosis in
captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus).
Vet Pathol 36,
14-22. |
|
The cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) is an
endangered species with low fecundity and premature death in captivity. A
previous survey determined that renal failure as a result of glomerulosclerosis
was a major cause of death in captive populations. This study characterizes the
morphologic, histochemical, and epidemiologic properties of glomerulosclerosis
in this population. Kidneys from 87 cheetahs were examined by light microscopy;
kidneys from six of those cheetahs were examined by electron and fluorescent
microscopy using special stains specific for collagen, glycoproteins,
reticulin, and fibrin. Immunohistochemistry for the advanced glycosylation end
products (AGEs), pyrraline and pentosidine, also was performed on these cases.
Glomerulosclerosis was present to some degree in 82% of the population, and in
30% of cheetahs the sclerosis was moderate to severe. Affected cheetah kidneys
had thickened glomerular and tubular basement membranes, culminating in
glomerulosclerosis. Thickened basement membranes were positive for collagen,
glycoproteins, reticulin, and AGEs. Ultrastructurally, membrane material was
homogeneous and fibrillar without electron-dense deposits. This glomerular
lesion in cheetahs resembles diabetic glomerulopathy in humans and chronic
progressive nephropathy in rats. No cheetahs had lesions of diabetes. However,
adrenal cortical hyperplasia was prevalent and highly correlated with
glomerulosclerosis in this population. If cheetahs with glomerulosclerosis had
hypercorticoidism, then hyperglycemia and glomerular hypertension could lead to
progressive AGE and plasma protein accumulations in membrane lesions. As in
rats, daily feeding of high-protein diets and lack of genetic variation in the
population may further contribute to the high prevalence of glomerulosclerosis
in captive cheetahs. |
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Bolton_&_Munson_1999_Glomerulosclerosis_in_captive_cheetah.pdf
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Boshoff AF, Kerley GIH,
Cowling RM. 2001. A pragmatic approach to estimating the distributions and
spatial requirements of the medium- to large-sized mammals in the Cape
Floristic Region, South Africa.
Diversity and Distribution 7, 29-43.
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Conservation planning in the
Cape Floristic Region, a recognized world plant diversity hotspot, required
systematic information on the estimated distributions and spatial requirements
of the medium- to large-sized mammals within each of 102 Broad Habitat Units
delineated according to key biophysical parameters. As a consequence of a
general lack of data, we derived a pragmatic approach for obtaining estimates
of these two parameters. Distribution estimates were based on a combination of
a literature survey (with emphasis on early texts) and the ecological
requirements of the species. Cheetahs were one of the species used. |
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Boshoff_et_al_2001_Conservation_planning_in_the_Cape_Floristic_Region.pdf
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Bothma JdP. 1997. Family
Felidae. Carnivore Ecology in Arid Lands. 1 ed. Springer; p 43-87.
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This book chapter presents a
complete and detailed review of the felidae ecology in arid lands. Information
is presented for the lion, leopard and cheetah, and includes topics like
taxonomy, distribution, status, social behaviour, reproduction, space use,
movements, activity, feeding and population ecology, and interaction with other
carnivores. |
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Bothma_1997_Family_Felidae_in_arid_environment.pdf
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Bottriell LG, Bottriell P.
King cheetah: The case for the evolution of a new race. Manuscript. |
|
In the 1920s, much excitement
arose in zoological circles over the appearance of a number of boldly striped
and blotched cheetahs in Rhodesia, the like of which had never before been
recorded. They eventually came to be regarded as a new species of cheetah,
Acinonyx rex (Pocock). They were later placed in the completely new
genus Paracinonyx (Kretzoi). This latter, generic status still stands.
But the original species classification was revoked in 1939 on the basis that
the animal was little more than a freak aberrant of the common cheetah Acinonyx
jubatus. Yet the appearance of spontaneous mutations in cheetah in the 5000
years man and cheetah have associated have been so rare, as to be virtually
non-existent. Thus the King cheetah's appearance, standard across thirty-five
specimens recorded to date south of the Zambezi in a portion of southern Africa
where the common spotted cheetah has been near exterminated, is unprecedented
in such a felid species that was formerly so widely distributed throughout
Africa and across South-West Asia to India. |
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Bottriell_&_Bottriell_-_King_cheetah_the_case_for_the_evolution_of_a_new_race.pdf
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Bottriell LG. 1987. King
Cheetah - The story of the Quest. Brill of Leiden. Individual
pages of the book. |
|
A detailed discussion on the
discovery of the King cheetah. Apart from a remarkable continuity in the
standard pattern of three broad dorsal stripes, a preponderance of heavy,
irregular blotches far lager than any ordinary cheetah's spots, and a striped
and ringed tail is known to all King cheetah specimens. Research has otherwise
shown that outstanding pattern or colour variation in the ordinary cheetah is
rare, with no intermediate coat pattern between it and the King cheetah. From
populations of the two races of cheetahs (the African and Asiatic cheetah) a
number of subspecies has been described by taxonomists. The differences,
however, are not altogether clear. In a section about the Kruger National Park,
sightings from 1974 to 1986 are shown in a map. At the end of the publication,
a list of skins and sightings of live King cheetahs from 1926 to 1986 is
presented. |
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Bottriell_1987_King_cheetah.pdf
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Bottriell LG. 1994. Knocking
spots off the cheetah. Zoogeography October 1994, 27-30.
|
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An evolutionary theory of the
fur's striped pattern of the king cheetah. During the mass purges of the 1950s
and 1960s, tens of thousands of the cheetah's prey animals from Kenya to South
Africa were shot by government hunters, followed by intensive aerial spraying
to eradicate tsetse fly and other pests. Cheetahs were confined in the more
wooded areas that were not considered suitable for man's uses. In woodland,
camouflage becomes more important than speed and the particular markings of the
king cheetah are suggested to constitute a disruptive camouflage. It destroy
the impression of a solid form, allowing the cheetah to get that bit closer to
its prey before launching a final running attack and, at the same time, to get
the time to escape from disoriented predators. |
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Bottriell_1994_Knocking_spots_off_the_cheetah.pdf
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Bowland T. 1995. Cheetahs of
the Kruger park. Custos - Natuurbewaringstydskrif March 1995, 8-15.
|
|
An investigation of the
demography and behaviour of the cheetah in the Kruger National Park was made
using a photographic competition collection. Demographic ratios showed
significant differences between the populations of the central, southern and
northern regions. Three years of survey indicate an apparent regional decrease
of the cheetah's number along the south-north gradient. Home range size estimation
varied between 104 and 1848 km2 and was inversely proportioned to
the group's size in males, while in female's groups the relationship was
direct. Food habits investigation corroborated past observations where cheetahs
were classified as mid-morning/mid-afternoon hunters. |
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Bowland_1995_Cheetahs_of_the_Kruger_park.pdf
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Brand DJ. 1980. Captive
propagation at the National Zoological Gardens of South Africa. Int. Zoo
Yb. 20, 107-112.
|
|
Until some 20 years ago it was
easy and inexpensive in South Africa to obtain indigenous wild animals for
exhibition purposes. The National Zoological Gardens began a modernization.
Number of species was reduced and larger enclosures provided for exhibition and
for the accommodation of breeding groups. Under the new conditions a good
number of species started to multiply satisfactorily. The first project was the
establishment of a Cheetah Breeding and Research Center. |
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Brand_1980_Captive_Propagation_at_the_National_Zoological_Garden.pdf
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Braun E. 1993. Toward a
cheetah concervancy in Namibia. Endangered Wildlife 14, 3-8.
|
|
Namibia was chosen as the Cheetah
Conservation Fund's headquarters because it met the primary criteria for
research and conservation. Three principal problems affect negatively the
conservation status of the cheetah: the loss of natural habitat, adverse
interaction with human activities and genetic impoverishment. Of the 2000 to
3000 cheetah alive in Namibia, 95% live on farmlands, where the competition
with other predators is lower, but the interaction with man is strongly
conflicting. Long term objectives include: the establishment of an
International Cheetah Research Centre and a permanent base of operation for the
Cheetah Conservation Fund in Namibia, the creation of a Cheetah Conservancy on
interlinking private farmlands and of model programmes in Namibia that can be
adapted for use in other countries, and the re-introduction of the cheetah into
wild where there is a sufficient prey base. |
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Braun_1993_Toward_a_cheetah_concervancy_in_Namibia.pdf
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Breitenmoser U. 2002.
Feasibility study on cheetah re-introduction in Turkmenistan. Cat News 36,
13-15.
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|
The Asiatic cheetah (Acinonyx
jubatus) persisted in Turkmenistan until the late 1970s, but is considered
to be extinct today. Turkmenistan, as a neighbour of Iran with the last Asiatic
cheetahs, can play an important role in the conservation of the Asiatic
cheetah. The prey base for an re-introduction is totally insufficient and
Turkmenistan should give high priority to the protection, the recovery, and the
proper management of the herbivore populations. Besides, the release of African
cheetahs would be problematic because they are listed as a different
subspecies. Any decision regarding a cheetah reintroduction programme in
Turkmenistan is premature at the moment. |
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Breitenmoser_2002_Feasibility_Study_on_Cheetah_Re-Introduction_in_Turkmenistan.pdf
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Briggs MB, Ott RL. 1986.
Feline leukemia virus infection in captive cheetah and the clinical and
antibody response of six captive cheetahs to vaccination with a subunit feline
leukemia virus vaccine.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
189, 1197-1199. |
|
In 1982 and 1983, feline
infectious peritonitis (FIP) was diagnosed in a group of 35 cheetahs. One of
the 21 cheetahs remaining in 1984 was examined and isolated, because of the
positive feline leukaemia (FeLV) test. The cheetah appeared to be underweight
and dehydrated. Amoxicillin was given for 14 days and prednisolone for 5 weeks.
It was then examined and appeared to have a normal weight and hydration level.
Although the BUN concentration was high and the leukocytosis persisted, the
other blood values were normal, as compared with those of healthy cheetahs in
the group. |
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Briggs_&_Ott_1986_Feline_leukemia_virus_infection_in_captive_cheetah_and_response_to_vaccination.pdf
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Broomhall L.S., Mills M.G.L., du Toit J. 2003. Home range and habitat use by cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) in the Kruger
National Park. J Zool, Lond 261, 119-28. |
|
Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus)
home-range size and habitat use were analyzed using radio-tracking data
collected in the southern district of Kruger National Park between 1987 and
1990. Meaningful estimates of home-range size, using 95% minimum convex polygon
method, were 126 km2 for a three-male cheetah coalition, 195 km2 for a solitary
male, and 150 km2 and 171 km2 for two female cheetahs. Although cheetahs used
all habitats according to their availability, they did show a preference for
open savanna habitat because their core or total home ranges centered on these
habitats. |
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Broomhall_et_al_2003_Home_range_and_habitat_use_by_cheetahs_in_Kruger_NP.pdf
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Brown EW, Miththapala S,
O'Brien SJ. 1993. Prevalence of exposure to feline immunodeficiendy virus in
exotic felid species. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 24, 357-64. |
|
Feline immunodeficiency virus
(FIV) is a novel lentivirus that causes T-cell deficiency in the domestic cat (Felis
catus). Recent studies have revealed the existence of antigenically similar
lentiviruses in a large number of nondomestic felid species. We summarize here
a comprehensive serological survey for FIV cross-reactive antibodies in
free-ranging and captive felid populations. Antibodies to FIV were found in a free-ranging population of cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus).
|
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Brown_et_al_1993_Feline_immunodeficiency_virus.pdf
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Brown EW, Olmsted RA,
Martenson JS, O'Brien SJ. 1993. Exposure to FIV and FIPV in wild and captive
cheetahs.
Zoo Biology 12, 135-142.
|
|
Two RNA-containing viruses,
feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) and feline immunodeficiency virus
(FIV), have been observed to infect cheetahs. Although both viruses cause
lethal immunogenetic pathology in domestic cats, only FIPV has documented
pathogenesis in cheetahs. We summarize and update here a worldwide survey of
serum and plasma from cheetah and other nondomestic felids for antibodies to
FIV and FIPV, based on Western blot and immunofluorescence assays. |
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Brown_et_al_1993_Exposure_of_cheetahs_to_FIV_and_FIPV.pdf
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Brown JL, Wildt DE,
Wielebnowski N, Goodrowe KL, Graham LH, Wells S, Howard JG. 1996. Reproductive
activity in captive female cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) assessed by
faecal steroids. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 106, 337-346. |
|
Faecal oestradiol progestogen
metabolic excretion was monitored in adult, female cheetahs (Acinonyx
jubatus) (n=26) for 1 - 24 months. Increased faecal oestradiol excretion
was associated with mating or equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG)
administration for artificial insemination, whereas increased progestogen
metabolites were observed during natural and human chorionic gonadotrophin
(hCG)-induced pregnant and non-pregnant luteal phases. Oestrus cycles and
gestation duration were measured. Cyclicity was in no case continuous for more
than one year, but even before, interrupted by periods of anoestrus of more
than several months. A quarter of the examined cheetahs expressed no ovarian
activity during the study period. These cyclic irregularities were neither
related to seasons nor to synchronism among females. In summary, results
confirm that the cheetah is polyoestrus and ovulation is almost always induced. |
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Brown_et_al_1996_Reproductive_activity_in_captive_female_cheetahs.pdf
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Brownlee C. 2005. Race for
survival.Science World - November 28, 12-14. |
|
Lions and hyenas force
cheetahs off protected land on African wildlife reserves and steal them fresh
kills for an easy meal. Cheetahs are often killed by farmers who are trying to
defend their livestock. Laurie Marker began in 1994 to give guard dogs
(Anatatolian shepherds) to Namibian farmers to defend the livestock. With their
flocks safe, farmers are killing far fewer cheetahs. |
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Brownlee_2005_Race_for_survival.pdf
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Bumstead P, Russel S, Knapik
D, Fitch W. 1999. Feline Facts - The Cheetah. International Society
for Endangered Cats Canada Inc. p.4-5. |
The cheetah is one of the 37
feline species described in this paper. The following points are briefly
treated: species general description, genetic homogeneity, adaptation to fast
running, hunting techniques and preys, sociality, mating and young development,
mating behaviour in captivity, distribution, and threats with a special mention
about the threat weighing on the North African cheetah.
Le guépard fait parti des 37 espèces de félins
décrites dans ce document. Les points suivants sont brièvement traités:
description générale de l'espèce, homogénéité génétique, adaptation à la
course, techniques de chasse et proies, socialité, reproduction et élevage des
jeunes, comportement de reproduction en captivité, distribution, menaces, avec
une mention particulière au sujet des menaces pesant sur le guépard nord
africain. |
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Bumstead_et_al_1999_Feline_Facts_-_The_Cheetah.pdf
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|
Bunsuru. 1955. Wild Life in
the Benue Valley Fifty years ago. Nigerian Field 20, 35-43. |
In Nigeria, the author
assessed that the Benue valley is too far south to find some cheetahs, but he
observed one of them near Katagum.
L'auteur estime que la vallée de Benue est située trop au sud du Nigeria
pour y trouver du guépard, mais il a eu l'occasion d'en observer un près de
Katagum. |
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Bunsuru_1955_Wildlife_in_the_Benue_Valley_Nigeria.pdf
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|
Burgess M. 1993. Cheetahs - On
the fast track to extinction. Cats Magazine October 1993, 27-29. |
|
The Cheetah roamed once all
over Europe, Asia, North America and Africa. Today the most shy and gentle of
all the wildcats is on the track to extinction. Their hunting skill is speed. A
cheetah is a very good mother, almost never letting her cubs out of her sight
except to hunt. In captivity they always had difficulties in breeding. Only few
places are left to hunt and as their natural prey gets more difficult to find,
they may become hungry enough to kill domestic animals. Studies and research
hope to prevent the extinction of cheetahs by conducting behavioral,
physiological, medical and nutritional studies. |
|
Burgess_1993_Cheetahs_On_the_Fast_Track_to_Extinction.pdf
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Burney D, Burney L. 1979.
Cheetah and Man. Swara 2(2), 24-29 and 2(3), 28-32. |
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Project 93 in the Society's
filing system is entitled "The effects of Human Activities on Cheetahs in
the Maasai Mara Game Reserve". It is on e of the many projects partially,
or entirely, funded by the Society. Here, in the articles especially written for
Swara, David & Lida Burney gives us an insight into their work. |
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Burney_&_Burney_1979_Cheetah_and_Man_Part_One.pdf
Burney_&_Burney_1979_Cheetah_and_Man_Part_Two.pdf
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Burney DA. 1982. Life on the
Cheetah Circuit. Natural History May 1982, 50-59. |
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Human proximity is not new to
the cheetah. Anthropologist Richard Leakey of the National Museum of Kenya
points out that humans and their nearest ancestors have frequented the Mara for
three million years or more. So, presumably, has the cheetah. If current conditions
in the Mara region were to remain stable, I believe the cheetah would have a
good chance of not just surviving but even increasing in numbers. Human
activity, however, will undoubtedly continue to change the land. |
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Burney_1982_Life_on_the_Cheetah_Circuit.pdf
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Burney DA. 1991. Man and the
Mara cheetahs. Wildlife News 16, 8-11. |
Cheetahs have the dubious
honour of being one of the most sought after tourist attractions in many East
African national parks and game reserves. On the other hand, should a cheetah
go outside the reserves boundaries, the chances are good that it will
occasionally see local people who are on foot and well-armed. Can the cheetah
cope with this human pressure?
Some cheetahs appear to have adapted to man's presence in the Mara, but man and
the cheetah share an uncertain future. |
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Burney_1991_Man_and_the_Mara_cheetahs.pdf
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Busby
G.,
Gottelli D., Wacher T., Durant S., Marker L., Belbachir
F.,
De Smet K., Belbachir-Bazi A., Fellous A. and Belghoul,M.
2006.
A report from the Sahelo Saharan Interest Group
- Parc National de L'Ahaggar survey, Algeria (March
2005), Part 5: Using molecular genetics to study
the presence of endangered carnivores (November 2006).
Report, 19 pp.
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A
joint 2005 expedition to the Ahaggar region of the Algerian
Sahara collected over 40 putative carnivore scat samples
for further analysis. The first major objective of this
analysis was to assign species identity to the scat.
This was done through genetic analyses of the samples.
Among other carnivores, eight cheetahs and a leopard
were found.
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Busby_et_al_2006_Molecular_genetics_of_cheetahs_in_Algeria.pdf
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Busby GBJ, Gottelli D, Wacher T, Marker L,
Belbachir F, de Smet K, Belbachir-Bazi A, Fellous A, Belghoul M, Durant SM.
2009. Genetic analysis of scat reveals leopard Panthera pardus and
cheetah Acinonyx jubatus in
southern Algeria. Oryx 43, 412-415. |
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A
joint 2005 expedition to the Ahaggar region of the Algerian
Sahara collected over 40 putative carnivore scat samples
for further analysis. The first major objective of this
analysis was to assign species identity to the scat.
This was done through genetic analyses of the samples.
Among other carnivores, eight cheetahs and a leopard
were found.
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Busby_et_al_2006_Molecular_genetics_of_cheetahs_in_Algeria.pdf
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