IFAW, Panthera, IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group, IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group, Wildlife Conservation Society. 2011. The fading call of the wild - A status update on 15 species of disappearing wild cats & canids.

Over the past decade, the 15 species of wild canids and cats profiled in this report have given reasons for optimism for their survival, as well as isolated examples of progress and success. However, the overall trend is stark and clear - without greater global assistance and a concerted conservation effort, many of these species will continue to move closer and closer toward extinction.

IFAW_et_al_2011_The_fading_call_of_the_wild.pdf

IUCN. 1976. Red Data Book - Asiatic cheetah 2 p.

The Asiatic cheetah is an endangered species. It has become extinct throughout most of its former range, but still occurs in some arid areas of Turkmenistan, along the northwestern border of Afghanistan and in the eastern half of Iran. The Asiatic cheetah is protected in the USSR and Iran. Further data on its status and distribution are needed as a basis for establishing further reserves.

IUCN_1976_Red Data Book - Asiatic cheetah.pdf

Jackman B. 1992. Life on the edge. World Nature.

Supreme hunter of the African savannah, the cheetah lives in the fast lane in every sense. Every day gets harder as it fights to survive in an increasingly hostile environment with greater competition from other carnivores and dwindling food resources. Once the cheetah roamed much of Africa and was common in Arabie, Iran and India. Now it's on the official endangered species list, existing only in pockets of Africa to the south and east of the Sahara desert.

Jackman_1992_Life_on_the_Edge.pdf

Jackman B. 2001. Africa - Lions, leopards and cheetahs. BBC Wildlife Magazine Travel Supplement:2-4.

A travel guide to the best places to see the biggest cats in Africa. For the cheetah the following protected areas are proposed: the Serengeti National Park (Tanzania), Ngorongoro Crater (Tanzania), Okonjima and Erosha National Park (Namibia). Basic instructions of how and when to find these big predators are also given.

Jackman_2001_Africa_Lions_Leopards_and_Cheetahs.pdf

Jackson P. 2004. Book Review - Tears of the cheetah - And other tales form the genetic frontier. Cat News 40:29-30.

Stephen J. O'Brien, chief of the Laboratory of Genetic Diversity at the National Cancer Institute in Fredericks, Maryland, is a specialist on the genetics of cats, domestic and wild. Chapter 2 of this book explains its title „Tears of the Cheetah". When zoos began breeding threatened species, the cheetah proved to be the most difficult. Laboratory studies of semen and blood led to a revelation - the sperm count in every cheetah was only 10 per cent of that of other cats, and many sperm were abnormal. The researchers found there was no variation at all in 50 cheetahs' allozyme genes. The unrelated cheetahs were genetically identical. They suffer a "bottleneck", a greatly reduced population, leading to inbreeding and therefore to genetic uniformity, some 12'000 years ago, a burden cheetahs still carry today.

Book review_2004_OBrien_Tears_of_the_Cheetah_CatNews_40.pdf

Jackson P.  The status and conservation of wild cats 19 p.

The principal factors affecting the status of wildlife today are the condition of habitat and the extent of human predation. Both are under human control. The situation is unsatisfactory in both cases, and is resulting in the decline of cat species almost everywhere. Tropical forests are the home of over half the wild cats. The condition of these forests is therefore of paramount important for cat conservation. The U.S. Interagency Task Force on Tropical Forests concluded that, if current trends continued, tropical forests outside central Africa and the Amazon basin would be "nothing but scattered remnants" by 2025. Shifting cultivation is responsible for 70% of total deforestation in Africa, 49% in Asia, and 35% in Latin America. Planned colonisation also leads to clearance of vast areas in Amazonia, as well as in Sumatra and other Indonesian islands, while oil palm plantations are a major factor in Malaysia. In tropical Latin America vast areas have been cleared for cattle ranching. Large-scale irrigation and power projects have also led to clearance of vast areas and threaten more. Apart from actual deforestation, there is widespread degradation of forests caused by wood collection for fuel and construction, and by over-grazing by cattle and goats which destroys regeneration. With the diminution of habitat, refuges for cats and their prey species are eliminated and the species become more vulnerable. If prey species are hunted out, cat populations inevitably decline and surviving cats turn to domestic livestock, and then get killed as pests. Natural phenomena and disasters can be responsible for destruction of habitat and for direct killing of wildlife. Not least of the threats to wildlife are sudden political changes. Human predation on cats involves hunting and trapping, legal and illegal. Trophy hunting, mainly for the big cats, has declined in recent years because of bans in many countries. Local hunting and trapping of cats is still widespread because of their predation on livestock and just for sport. All the spotted cats, big and lesser, have been trapped for their beautiful pelts. Campaigns against the use of wild furs, and the growing strength of the Convention on International Trade in Wild Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES) have checked this onslaught. A review of overall factors affecting wildlife, including the cats, gives a clearer indication of the present decline than field survey data. Conservation of the big cats will ensure biodiversity throughout their large ranges. The Cat Specialist Group of the World Conservation Union is preparing a Cat Action Plan to promote field research and conservation.

Jackson_-_Status_and_conservation_of_Wild_cats.pdf

Jackson P. 1998. Asiatic Cheetah in Iran. Cat News:-2.

An agreement for cooperation to investigate the status of the critically-endangered Asiatic cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus) and to prepare conservation measures has been reached between the Department of Environment of Iran, the IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group, and the Institute of Zoology of Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.

Jackson_1998_Asiatic_Cheetah_in_Iran_CatNews_28.pdf

Jackson P. 2000. Carnivores des régions arides: Asie de l'Ouest, Asie centrale et Afrique du Nord. Planète Conservation:25.

The increase of human activities in carnivores' habitats is a major factor of the decrease of their population in West-central Asia and in the North Africa. The Asiatic lion, cheetah and leopard are very scarce in the region, but they have already substantial population in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Asiatic cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus) was distributed from Arabia to India, but now it habits only aridest region of Iran and probably the nearest regions of Pakistan.

Jackson_2000_Carnivores_des_regions_arides.pdf

Jacobs MJ, Schloeder CA. 2001. Impacts of conflict on biodiversity and protected areas in Ethiopia Washington, D.C.: Biodiversity Support Program; 45 p.

Ethiopia possesses considerable biodiversity and natural resources, as well as many endemic species. It has had, however, only limited success protecting some of these natural assets since establishing a conservation and protected area program in 1965, due to the country's prolonged engagement in various armed conflicts. The result has been, in the last 25 years, an increase in the number of threatened and endangered species and deleterious habitat modifications. Also, much destruction of protected-area assets has occurred. Deforestation, farming, overgrazing, hunting, and soil erosion all were conflict-related factors that led to these changes and limited the success of Ethiopia's conservation and protected-area program. Government and non-government institutional politics, and adherence to an exclusionary protected area, also were key factors limiting successful conservation.
Despite these setbacks, however, hope remains for protecting what is left of Ethiopia's biodiversity and natural assets, as demonstrated by the survival of Awash National Park during a brief period of lawlessness in 1991. Awash's survival was attributed to community involvement in the development of a park-management plan, community and conservation authorities' concessions, and the initiation of community-based intervention measures prior to the lawless period. Of more importance, however, is that conflict ceases and economic growth, development, and conservation take its place. Conservation success is more likely if the government abandons its exclusionary protected-area policy and grants regions and local communities the authority to manage their own protected areas. Likewise, the capabilities of communities must be utilized in the management of all protected areas, and new policies must be adopted to further guarantee success.

Jacobs_&_Schloeder_2001_Conflict_impact_on_biodiversity_and_protected_areas_in_Ethiopia.pdf

Jacobson RH. 1991. How well do serodiagnostic tests predict the infection or disease status of cats? JAVMA 199(10):1343-7.

Serodiagnostic test results do not always predict the status of an animal as might be expected. When few false-negative and few false- positive test results are reported for a test (high test sensitivity and specificity), the assumption is that the test is a very accurate predictor of infection/disease status. This assumption is correct if disease prevalence is high. However, when disease prevalence decreases to, for instance, 0.1% such as may be seen after several years of a vaccination campaign, a test having sensitivity of 99% and specificity of 99% becomes a poor predictor of infected animals. In this scenario, a positive test result will be wrong 91% of the time. A negative test result, however, virtually always will correctly identify non infection animals when prevalence of infection remains low.

Jacobson_1991_Reliability_of_serodiagnostic_tests_in_cats.pdf

Janssens LAA, DeMeurichy W, Janssens DLM. 1994. Surgical correction of patellar luxation in a cheetah. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 25(3):466-71.

A bilateral, grade 4, medial patellar luxation was diagnosed in a 7-yr-old cheetah. The animal had a long standing history of difficulty in rising, bilateral lameness, and reluctance to walk. Radiographs showed severe osteoarthritis and medially displaced patellae, both knees were operated upon within a 12-wk-period. The technique used consisted of desmotomy, exostosis removal, double wedge osteotomy, narrowing of the patellae, tibial tuberosity transposition and fascia lata imbrication. The stability of the patellae was excellent after surgery. The clinical recovery resulted in better ambulation, a lack of lameness, and normal ability to rise 12 wk after the last surgery.

Janssens_et_al_1994_Surgical_Correction_of_Patellar_Luxation_in_a_Cheetah.pdf

Jauernig O. 2005. Beutespektrum von Geparden (Acinonyx jubatus) auf kommerziellem Farmland in Namibia. Diet of cheetahs on commercial farmland in Namibia [dissertation]. Humboldt Universität zu Berlin. 32 p.

Diet of cheetahs was studied on commercial farmland in Namibia. 62 scats were analyzed. Springhares were the most important prey in the diet, followed by duikers, while goats comprised only a small proportion. In German.

Jauernig_2005_Feeding_ecology_of_cheetahs_in_Namibia.pdf

Jeannin A. 1951. Le Guépard. In:Jeannin A, editor. La Faune Africaine. Biologie, histoire, folklore, chasse. Paris: Payot; p 205-207.

In this book, dedicated to history, biology and hunting of African wildlife, Jeannin describes that cheetah were distributed throughout Africa despite the species had become very uncommon in northern and southern Africa since 50 years. Nearly extinct in Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco, cheetah still occurr in some areas: Several cheetahs had been caught in 1927 between Ain Sefra and Figuig, while others had been observed near Tozeur.

Dans ce livre dédié à l'histoire, la biologie et la chasse de la faune sauvage africaine, Jeannin considérait que le guépard était réparti à travers toute l'Afrique bien que l'espèce était devenu très rare dans le nord et le sud de l'Afrique depuis 50 ans. Presque éteint en Algérie, en Tunisie et au Maroc, le guépard était encore présent dans certaines régions: plusieurs guépards avaient été capturés en 1927 entre Ain Sefra et Figuig, alors que d'autres avaient été observés près de Tozeur.

Jeannin_1951_The_African_Fauna_-_The_Cheetah.pdf

Jewell PA. 1982. Conservation of the cheetah: Should cheetah be moved to distant areas? A discussion held in Cambridge on 27th July 1982 7 p.

A discussion, held in Cambridge on 27^th July 1982, over the International Fund for Animal Welfare prospect of saving as many as possible of the cheetahs that are trapped or killed by farmers by translocating them to other places where they are scarce or have become extinct, led to wary conclusions. More consideration on long-term benefits to the remaining cheetah populations, or to local farmers, and on the effects on the regions that receive new animals are required.

Jewell_et_al_1982_Should_cheetah_be_moved_to_distant_areas.pdf

Jochum-Natt S. 2005. Coursing Cheetahs. Animal Keeper's Forum 32(7/8):304-5.

We researched what type of lure coursing equipment would work in our exhibit. We spoke to several zoos that use pre-fabricated systems or in-house manufactured  systems. Because coursing lures are expensive, for several years we sought out individuals and hobby groups to donate time and resources to make a lure system. Although there was interest, it never worked out due to the project being such a time-consuming task. We eventually decided that it would be best for us to purchase a complete coursing system from Injoy Lure Coursing Equipment ® located in Vermont. They manufacture coursing systems for domestic dog coursing programs and many zoo facilities use their products for cheetahs. A complete system costs between $700 to $1200 or more. We began to pursue sponsorship for purchasing a system for our cheetahs.

Jochum-Natt_2005_Coursing_cheetahs.pdf

Johnson KR. 1995. Cheetah provides clue to pronghorn speed. Rocky Mountain News.

Paleontologists found fossil animals from a cave floor. This natural trap has preserved direct evidence that cheetahs lived in North America as recently as 18'000 years ago. This also explains why pronghorn in America evolved a high speed ability which was not explainable before finding the fossil predator.

Johnson_1995_Cheetah_Provides_Clue_to_Pronghorn_Speed.pdf

Johnson_et_al_2010_Modelling_cheetah_relocation_success_in_Southern_Africa.pdf

Jones DM. 1973. Destruction in Niger. Oryx 12(2):227-33.

Cheetah is present in the central regions of Niger, but is not fairly common. It is hunted from vehicles in the last five years.

Le guépard est présent dans les régions centrales du Niger, mais est bien rare. Il est chassé depuis des véhicules durant les cinq dernières années.

Jones_1973_Destruction_in_Niger.pdf

Jones ML.  Record keeping and longevity of felids in captivity.  Report, 7 p.

The purpose of this paper is to tackle records themselves, what they are, what they could be and offer a digest of notable longevity data from my files. Zoos do have records against the meaning of researchers who are of the opinion that there are no records, but there is also the problem with the zoo's budget. The director must be willing to make a commitment in this regard, he must realize that some basic records are necessary, and must see that they are established. Several zoos in America now have progressive record systems. Attached is a longevity record for zoo felids including cheetah.

Jones_-_Record_Keeping_and_Longevity_of_Felids_in_Captivity.pdf

Joubert E, Mostert PKN. 1975. Distribution patterns and status of some mammals in South West Africa. Madoqua 9(1).

A short description is given of the physiographic, vegetation and climatic conditions of Namibia. The influence of modern man on game animals is given with examples of various situations. The distribution and status of the larger mammals in Namibia were determined by various methods such as questionnaires, aerial surveys and collection of personal communications. An evaluation of these methods is presented. 61% of the questionnaires have been returned. The distribution and status of 24 game species, 11 predator species and 7 other species in all of Namibia is given. Approximately 60 percent of all game species and 90% of the animals occur on private land. Of the eleven predators dealt with in the paper, lions, wild dogs, and brown hyenas show a marked decline in numbers as well as in distribution since 1934. During antecedent years the number of cheetahs have apparently increased on farmland. This might be attributed to two factors. First, since other predators such as lion, hyena and Cape hunting dogs have been virtually eradicated, the cheetah's cubs have a better chance to survive. The second factor is the increasing of kudu in the country, that insured a better supply of food. The questionnaire estimate by farmers of approximately 6252 for farmland is only little higher than a recent official estimate and the authors feel that this figure should be accepted as the population for Namibia.

Joubert_&_Mostert_1975_Distribution_and_status_of_mammals_in_South_West_Africa.pdf

Joubert E, Morsbach D, Wallis V. 1982. The 1982 distribution patterns and status of some mammals on farms in South West Africa. Report, 22 p.

The Division of Nature Conservation and Tourism successfully carried out a questionnaire survey of the game occurring on private land in Namibia, in 1972. It was then decided that this survey should be repeated at 10 year intervals to monitor changes in the game populations. The present paper presents the results of the 1982 questionnaire survey. Concerning the cheetah the following data are available: the occurrence and percentage occurrence on farm, and damage caused and numbers killed by farmers during 1981. The cheetah occurred on 1344 of 2621 farms, that is the 51.3% of occurrence. Damage was reported on 1031 farms and 737 were killed in the period of the study. Additional tables compare the occurrence and damage caused by 21 mammal species on farms and analyze the attitude expressed by farmers to the nature conservation legislation in Namibia.

Joubert_et_al_1982_Mammals_on_farms_in_South_West_Africa.pdf

Joubert E.  The Cheetah - South West Africa's spotted enigma. Fischer J, Meinert P, editors. SWA Annual - Jahrbuch - Jaarboek, 13-18. 1984. St. Windhoek, SWA Publications Ltd.

Cheetah numbers are declining in one of the world's largest remaining sanctuaries, the Etosha National Park. The authorities are, however, not interested in buying or even accepting as a donation live cheetah caught on farms for reintroduction into Eosha or any other game reserve. While the numbers of cheetahs in Etosha are on the decline, indications are that the opposite is true for the livesock farming areas of the territory. According to indications cheetah manage to maintain healthy, and probably increasing populations on farms. To complicate matters further, although cheetah are classified as protected animals by the ordinance on nature conservation, farmers are nevertheless allowed to kill them. Hunters are allowed to shoot cheetah and leopard in Namibia, but only leopard trophies may be imported into Europe and the United States. The question that arises is: why do these anomalies exist? The question is discussed. A map of the distribution of the cheetah in Namibia and a table resuming a questionnaire survey made on 1981 on private lands to investigate the occurrences and damages caused by the cheetah, are also presented.

Joubert_1984_The_cheetah.pdf

Jule KR, Leaver LA and Lea SEG. 2008. The effects of captive experience in reintroduction survival in carnivores: a review and analysis. Biol. Conserv. 141, 355-363.

This review focuses on the success and survivorship of captive-born versus wild-caught carnivores used in reintroductions. Previous reviews have suggested that reintroduction projects using captive-born animals are less likely to be successful than projects translocating wild-caught animals. The purpose of this paper is to examine this statistically and investigate how captivity may affect the survival of reintroduced carnivores. We examined results published in previous reviews, and found evidence to support that reintroduction projects using wild-caught animals are significantly more likely to succeed than projects using captive-born animals. We further compiled our own review of 45 case studies in carnivore reintroduction projects (in 17 species across 5 families) to investigate survival rates rather than overall project 'success'. We found that (1) wild-caught carnivores are significantly more likely to survive than captive-born carnivores in reintroductions; (2) that humans were the direct cause of death in over 50% of all fatalities and (3) that reintroduced captive-born carnivores are particularly susceptible to starvation, unsuccessful predator/competitor avoidance and disease.

Jule_et_al_2008_Effect_of_captive_experience_on_reintroduction_success_of_carnivores.pdf

Junge RE, Miller RE, Boever WJ, Scherba G, Sundberg J. 1991. Persistent cutaneous ulcers associated with feline herpesvirus type 1 infection in cheetah. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 198(6):1057-8.

Feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) infection in domestic cats is most commonly manifested as an upper respiratory tract infection and is know as feline viral rhinotracheitis (FVR). Clinical signs include serous to mucopurulent ocular and nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, and corneal and oral ulceration. Ulcerative skin lesions attributable to FHV-1 in domestic cats have not been commonly reported. The possibility of genetic susceptibility to viral disease has been proposed for cheetahs on the basis of the low genetic diversity in the species. Morbidity and mortality in cheetahs with feline coronavirus infections is much higher than reported in domestic felids. A similar increased sensivity to FHV-1 may result in a higher incidence of cutaneous ulcers in cheetahs than in domestic cats.

Junge_et_al_1991_Cutaneous_ulcers_associated_with_feline_herpesvirus_infection_in_cheetah.pdf