IUCN / SSC Cat Specialist Group - Digital Cat Library |
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| da Silva, L.G. | |
| Analise da distribuicao especial do melanismo na familia Felidae em funcao de condicionantes ambientais | |
| 2014 Full Book | |
Variation in animal coloration is a theme that has intrigued evolutionary biologists for a long time. Among the commonly observed pigmentation polymorphisms, melanism (darkening of the surface coloration) has been reported quite frequently in multiple groups of organisms. Several biological factors may be influenced by melanism, including thermoregulation, susceptibility or response to disease, camouflage, aposematism, sexual selection and reproductive success. Melanism is common in the Felidae, having been documented in 13 of its 38 species, in some cases reaching high frequencies in natural populations. Classical hypothesis have suggested that such coat color variants can present adaptive advantages under certain ecological conditions, but these ideas have never been rigorously tested for any wild cat species. In jaguars (_Panthera onca_), jaguarundis (_Puma yagouaroundi_) and leopards (_Panthera pardus_) melanism is caused by different mutations in the MC1R and ASIP genes, which present dominant, semi-dominant and recessive inheritance patterns, respectively. In this study we have focused on melanism in these three cat species, and considered two competing hypotheses: (I) melanism is a neutral polymorphism that is randomly distributed throughout the range of each of these species, bearing no association with particular habitats or environmental variables; and (II) melanism has a non-random distribution, and presents significantly different frequencies among distinct landscape conformations. We constructed databases of records obtained from scientific collections, camera trap studies, individual captures and fecal DNA samples that collectively covered most of the ranges of the focal species. We obtained 794 records of jaguars, 463 jaguarundis and 623 leopards, including individually ascertained information on coat color. We performed modeling and statistical analyses using the software packages Maxent (maximum entropy algorithm), ArcGis 9.3 and SPSS 17, based on environmental variables obtained from the Worldclim, Climond, SRTM and GlobCover databases. The results allowed for the first time the construction of maps depicting the geographic distribution of melanism in wild cat species, as well as estimates of its frequency in the three target species. The frequency of melanism was ca. 9% in jaguars, 80% in jaguarundis, and 10% in leopards, and all three species showed a non-random distribution pattern of this coloration variant. In jaguars, melanism was totally absent from ecoregions containing open and periodically flooded landscapes, such as the Pantanal (Brazil) and Llanos (Colombia/Venezuela), which was striking given the large number of samples surveyed in these regions; in contrast, forested areas displayed a melanism frequency that was similar to that expectation based on the species as a whole. In jaguarundis, the dark phenotype (which is evolutionarily derived) proved to be much more common in nature than the ancestral reddish form, with the former being distributed across all areas in which the species occurs, and the latter being highly associated with open and dry landscapes. In leopards, melanism was present in five of the nine currently recognized subspecies, and was strongly associated with tropical and subtropical moist forests, especially in Southeast Asia. Analyses of environmental parameters that seem to be most influential on the melanism occurrence in these three species suggest a relevant role for factors such as altitude, temperature, solar radiation and moisture in different landscape conformations. These observations support the hypothesis that melanism in felids is not a neutral polymorphism, and undergoes the influence of natural selection related to environmental variables and landscape conformations, leading to a non-random geographic distribution of this coloration phenotype. |
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