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Minnie, L.; Avenant, N.L.; Drouilly, M.; Samuels, I.
Biology and Ecology of the black-backed jackal and the caracal
2018  Book Chapter

Globally, several carnivore species have been implicated as livestock predators, these ranging in body size from the mongoose (Herpestidae) (e.g. Minnie, 2009) to the tiger Panthera tigris (Gusset, Swarner, Mponwane, Keletile & McNutt, 2009; Van der Merwe, Avenant & Lues, 2009a) and bears (e.g. Li, Buzzard, Chen & Jiang, 2013). However, medium-sized canids and felids are most often implicated in livestock predation. For example, red foxes _Vulpes vulpes_ - the most widely distributed canid species apart from domestic dogs _Canis lupus familiaris_ - attack and kill livestock both in their natural and introduced ranges (Sillero-Zubiri, Hoffmann & MacDonald, 2004); coyotes _Canis latrans_ and dingoes _Canis lupus_ dingo are the dominant predators of livestock in North America and Australia, respectively (Sillero-Zubiri et al., 2004). In addition, golden jackals _Canis aureus_ prey on livestock in Africa, Europe and the Middle East (e.g. Yom-Tov, Ashkenazi & Viner, 1995). Furthermore, the Eurasian lynx_ Lynx lynx_ and to a lesser extent bobcats_ Lynx rufus _have been implicated in livestock predation in Europe and North America, respectively (see Inskip & Zimmermann, 2009 for review). In contrast to the Canidae, the larger species of the Felidae (e.g. leopard, _Panthera pardus_) are more often implicated as livestock predators, apart from caracal _Caracal caracal _and Eurasian lynx (Inskip & Zimmermann, 2009).

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