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Attum, O.; Reff, M.; Al Awaji, M.
Waterhole visitation patterns of two potential avian competitors, chukar _Alectoris chukar _and rock dove _Columba livia_, and a mammalian predator, the caracal _Caracal caracal_, in Jordan
2021  Sandgrouse (43): 241-246

Small desert waterholes can be valuable locations to examine temporal resource partitioning because they require multiple species to drink in close proximity of one another and partition their visitation patterns. We studied the seasonal waterhole visitation patterns and the degree of temporal overlap between the potentially competing Chukar Alectoris chukar and Rock Dove Columba livia, and with the predatory Caracal Caracal caracal at desert waterholes in Jordan in order to understand mechanisms of their coexistence. Our study suggests that there was temporal partitioning of the potentially competing Chukar and Rock Dove and temporal partitioning between these two birds and a potential predator, the Caracal. Nevertheless, waterholes were still potentially dangerous places as some Caracal diurnal visits occurred during the peak visitation of Chukar and Rock Doves.

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